Micro air flow meter 4 Micro-flowrate thermal dispersion flow meter is designed on the basis of thermal dispersion, and adopts method of constant differential temperature to measuring air at very low flow.Insertion type thermal mass flow sensor 4 Insertion probe thermal mass flow meter is for large pipeline size or ducts gas or air flow measurement, it is easy for users to install or removal from the mounting points without needing cut off the.In-line thermal mass flow probe is perfect for the pipeline within 4 inch.Features✔. In-line type thermal dispersion flow meter 4 In-line type thermal mass flow meter provides direct mass or standard volumetric flow measurement for gas or air.We have SCFM air flow meter on sale, and welcome to contact us to get low price SCFM air flow meter.īelow is the video to show how our SCFM flow meter looks like: Whether measuring instantaneous flow rates or total flow quantities, the SCFM-equipped thermal mass flow meter proves itself as an essential tool for optimizing processes and ensuring operational excellence. With their advanced technology, versatile unit options, and real-time digital displays, thermal mass flow meters offer a comprehensive solution for accurate and reliable air flow management in diverse industrial applications. The integration of SCFM units into thermal mass flow meters elevates the precision and efficiency of air flow measurement. We manufacture SCFM air flow meter at low price Wide range and sizes available : We manufacture different range SCFM flow meter, for example: 0~5 SCFM air flow meter ( micro air flow meter), 0~10 SCFM air flow sensor, 0~ 15 SCMF air flow meter, 0~500 SCFM air flow meter, 0~1000 SCFM air mass flow meter and more. Minimal Pressure Drop: These SCFM air flow meters introduce minimal pressure drop into the system, preventing energy wastage and preserving the efficiency of air flow systems.Ĭompatibility and Versatility: With a wide array of unit options, thermal mass flow meters are compatible with various systems and provide the flexibility to switch between units based on specific needs. High Accuracy and Reliability: Thermal mass flow meters offer exceptional accuracy, making them suitable for critical applications where air flow measurement precision is paramount. Temperature and Pressure Compensation: Advanced models of thermal mass flow meters without additional temperature and pressure compensation to realize air mass flow measurement, allowing for accurate measurements even in variable conditions.Īdvantages of Using Thermal Mass Flow Meters for Air Flow Measurement with SCFM unit Electronic air flow meter: Leveraging electronic technology, thermal mass flow meters deliver high precision, minimizing measurement uncertainties and contributing to efficient air flow management.Į. In-Line and Insertion air flow meter Options: Thermal mass flow meters are available in both in-line and insertion configurations for air measurement with SCFM unit, accommodating different installation requirements without compromising accuracy.ĭ. Wide Range of Units options for thermal air flow meter: These mass flow transmitters offer a plethora of units for both instant flow (SCFM, g/min, Kg/min, Nm3/h, and more) and total flow (CFM, g, Kg, Nm3, NL), enabling flexibility and compatibility across diverse applications.Ĭ. Real-Time Digital Display: Thermal mass flow meters are equipped with digital displays that provide instant readings of air flow rates in SCFM and other units (such as g/min,g/s,Kg/min,Kg/h,Nm3/h,Nm3/min,NL/h,NL/min), ensuring operators have real-time information for air measurement process control and optimization.ī. ![]() Standard Calibration Fluids: Air 21☌ (70☏), 1.0 sg and 6.A. Pressure Differential: See the pressure graphs on spec sheet. Note: For options “-HT” and “-UHT”, see high-temperature graph on spec sheet Maximum Operating Temperature: 116☌ (240☏) Stainless Steel Monitors: 70 bar (1000 psig) up to 116☌ (240☏) Measuring Accuracy: ±4% FS over the entire scale rangeĪluminum and Brass Monitors: 40 bar (600 psig) With the -MA option, the user can choose between reading a 0 to 2000 Hz square-wave pulse, a 0 to 5 Vdc analog signal, or a 2-wire 4 to 20 mA analog signal by connecting the appropriate pins. The FLMG models with optional analog output (-MA) are typically used to transmit a signal proportional to the flow rate to a process controller, a PLC, a recorder, or a panel-mount display. The spring-and-piston type assembly enables these flow meters to be mounted in any position. The units are calibrated at 100 psi pressure, suitable for most compressed pneumatic applications. ![]() The FLMG flow meters feature rugged construction, easy installation, and direct-reading flow rates of air.
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![]() With the approval of Goddess Mazu I went about setting up a fan page for Lin Hu. Even the goddess must have been amused by my request but I’m still happy she approved of us. At first she just replied with several Laughing Poe but eventually she returned three Holy Poe ”yes” responses in a row. I ended up having my brother use Poe Divination to ask the Goddess Mazu about us. they’re not the type of people who would accept me, let alone me dating a god. Equally people found us bizarre while others sent their best wishes. It didn’t take long for the gossip about us to spread like wildfire amongst gods and yaoguai alike. ![]() Liao then convinces Lin Hu to become a couple with him, and Lin Hu agrees on the condition that Liao allows them to start up a website so that he can dispense spiritual advice online.Īnd that’s how Lin Hu and I start our relationship together. Their strong relationship then allows Tiger to possess Liao during the final fight with Clouded Leopard, and giving Tiger the name of Lin Hu gives him the power boost needed to win, forcing Leopard to retreat. In particular, Liao must tell Tiger that he refuses to return home during the walk on the Tung trail, and must also become aware of the possibility of giving Guardian Tiger a proper name. This ending is achieved by developing a strong relationship with Guardian Tiger, and making several key dialogue choices. This article needs more information! Help us expand on relevant details by contributing. Included even higher res (3000x3000 pixel) cover art in the OST folder.This article contains spoilers about the game's lore! Read ahead at your own discretion!.Updated metadata including high res cover art.(Note: This process does not change overall ending or glossary completion). Added the ability to delete and archive your old save files from previous versions to prevent errors when loading saves in Nekojishi v.1.03.Improved the music looping for certain ending “blog” sequences.Resolved issues where the side portraits would not appear for some lines.Various other typos have been corrected.The “About” screen has been updated to fix typos.In the pause menu “Records” has been changed to “Save/Load”.The “Replay” tool-tip on the main menu now reads “Gallery”.The control text on the bottom of the main menu has been re-worded for clarity.Resolved issues where punctuation was displayed incorrectly.Resolved issues where the newline cursor would appear alone on a new line.Resolved issues where the newline cursor would appear too close to a text block.Fixed lines which missed some text changes made to the Chinese scripts before v1.00 and v1.02.Certain secondary characters have had their name tags changed on their dialogue boxes.(Be sure to also update guides with these!) The names of some endings have been updated.Reworked all ending “blog” sequences to vastly improve readability and writing quality. ![]() Rewritten decision dialogues to better represent the choices being made.Rewritten text for better prose quality, consistent characterisation, readability, and accuracy to the source material.Completely revised English localisation.When you next launch the game, a screen will appear asking you to keep or archive your old saves.) Nekojishi v1.03 Change Log ![]() (Note: Saves from previous versions may not load correctly in v1.03. Nekojishi v1.03 has been released! We've been hard at work over the last few months and are ready to bring you a completely revised English localisation along with fixes and polish all around! (Also the OST DLC has been updated with expanded metadata and high-res cover art!) ![]() You can also make Windows 11 fetch and update the best graphics driver for your computer. You can also download and install NVIDIA Geforce graphics drivers without the GeForce Experience. Step 3: Note the details of the display adapters from the following menu.įor the computers with AMD graphics inside, head to the AMD drivers and support website and download the latest drivers for your compatible model. Step 2: Next, select Display and open the Advanced display menu. Next, click on the Display on the right side. Step 1: Press the Windows key + I key to open Windows 11 Settings menu and click System from the left column. You need to download the latest display drivers from the web and install them using the Device Manager menu. Outdated display adapter drivers lead to washed out colors on your PC. Step 2: Select your calibrated display profile and select ‘Set as Default Profile’ button in the bottom-right corner. Step 1: Press the Windows key, type color management, and hit Enter to open the app. You need to make your calibrated display as default. Windows will revert to the previous calibration when you reboot the PC. Step 4: Adjust brightness and contrast and complete the process. Step 3: Follow on-screen instructions and use the slider to adjust gamma. Step 1: Press the Windows key, type calibrate display color, and hit Enter. Also, you may choose between predefined profiles or create a custom one. However, you’ll need to use the built-in color calibration tool to fix washed out colors on Windows. It’s rare for people to tweak the color calibration of your computer or monitor often. You may only install additional updates when something breaks down or doesn’t work as expected (washed out color problem) after a big Windows update. Microsoft usually skips them with the main update. Step 4: You can download feature, quality, and driver updates from the following menu. Step 2: Select Windows Update from the left sidebar and click on the ‘Advanced options’ from the right pane. Step 1: Press the Windows key + I shortcut to open Windows 11 Settings menu. ![]() You can download optional updates on your computer to fix such glitches. Before you reset Windows and start from scratch, you can go through the tips below to fix washed out colors on the desktop. Folks who use graphics and image editing apps like Photoshop, Lightroom, or any video editing app, you’ll need an astute color profile for consistent output across all the devices. Washed out colors may break workflow, especially for those who do content creation on the desktop. For instance, users complained about washed out colors after installing the Windows 11 update. While Microsoft releases frequent Windows updates to add new features and fixes bugs, some updates might disrupt your workflow and experience if you aren’t ready for it. ![]() Infinite Mini SMG Ammo: Complete game and beat all Egypt time trials.Infinite Shotgun Ammo: Complete game and beat all Greece time trials.Infinite 50 Caliber Pistol Ammo: Complete game and beat all Peru time trials.Infinite Health: Complete game and beat all Egypt time trials.Golden Shotgun: Complete game and beat all Lost City time trials.All Weapons: Complete game and beat all Greece time trials.Wield Soul Reaver: Complete game, beat all time trials and get all Gold Rewards. ![]()
![]() She later dropped the suit, commenting through her attorney that she wanted to focus on positive opportunities in her life. In 2008, Ashley Dupré filed against Joe Francis and other defendants claiming that they filmed her without consent. The parties agreed to pay $2.1 million in restitution and fines. In 2006, Girls Gone Wild marketer MRA Holdings pleaded guilty to charges for failing to record the ages of its subjects 20. In 2004, GGW settled for $1.1 million and agreed to disclose all terms and get consent for recurring charges. Department of Justice filed a complaint against Girls Gone Wild alleging that the company failed to notify customers when they purchased subscriptions under a continuity program, rather than single DVDs. The hour-long Guys Gone Wild productions featured women camera operators who encouraged men to get naked and perform strip teases. That's just the reality, and, we were there to capture the reality." It's not considered sexy to see two guys making out. Horn explains: "Let's face it, there's a double standard when it comes to guy-on-guy as opposed to girl-on-girl. In the Girls Gone Wild series, sometimes the young women kiss, while the guys' series does not have that feature. ![]() In an article, Bill Horn, spokesman for Mantra Entertainment which produced the videos, notes a gender-related double standard in these videos. These video tapes and DVDs featured much the same content as the Girls equivalent, only instead showing young men performing for the camera-e.g., in the shower, playing football naked, etc. Guys Gone Wild was a video series and male analogue of Girls Gone Wild targeted at young women. In 2004, Girls Gone Wild began soliciting men for participation in their videos. Proceeds from the video sales, which included a title featuring Snoop Dogg, were intended to help the victims of Hurricane Katrina. In September 2005, Girls Gone Wild announced that it would donate all proceeds of Mardi Gras–themed DVDs and videos to the Red Cross. This distribution was followed in 2008 by the launch of a Girls Gone Wild magazine, a clothing line, and a compilation record released on Jive Records. Distribution channels Īt its inception, Girls Gone Wild marketed its product, namely videos, through direct-distribution channels such as infomercials, pay-per-view, and video on demand. Occasionally, participants are invited to be filmed on a Girls Gone Wild tour bus. Compensation for taking part in a Girls Gone Wild video often consists of a free hat, T-shirt, or money. Women willingly take off their clothes, engage in sexual activities, or participate in wet T-shirt contests. Most Girls Gone Wild videos follow a common formula in which a film crew interacts with a large crowd of people either at a party, club, or other event. MGM announced in 2002 that it would release a feature-length film based on the Girls Gone Wild concept. Instances of Girls Gone Wild in popular culture include the appearance of Eminem and Snoop Dogg in the company's videos, as well as various references and parodies of the show in popular television series and movies. ![]() In 2008, Francis' net worth was approximately $150 million. According to TNS Media Intelligence, Girls Gone Wild spent more than $21 million in advertising in 2003, becoming the largest advertiser for programs on the E! channel. The infomercials targeted a late-night channel-surfing demographic that Joe Francis had identified in the late 1990s. By the end of 2002, the company had produced 83 different titles and had begun airing 30-minute infomercials on E! Entertainment Television, Fox Sports Net, BET, Comedy Central, Tech TV, Style, and all other major U.S. In 2001 the company sold 4.5 million videos and DVDs. The first Girls Gone Wild film was released in 1997. In 2014, the company was sold to Bang Bros. In February 2013, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Since 2008, the Girls Gone Wild products have been sold primarily through their website as streaming videos, downloads, and DVDs. ![]() The videos typically involve camera crews at party locations engaging young college-aged women who expose their bodies or act "wild", especially during Spring break. Girls Gone Wild was known for its early use of direct-response marketing techniques, including its late-night infomercials that began airing in 1997. Girls Gone Wild ( GGW) was an adult entertainment franchise created by Joe Francis in 1997, who occasionally appears as the host of the videos. Adult entertainment franchise Girls Gone Wild ![]() However, they also have a decent amount of springiness that lets you easily insert and pull out the plug. ![]() This ensures the conductors of the jack and plug are in constant contact. ![]() When inserted, these clamps are firm enough to keep the plug steady and centered. A look at the internal mechanism of headphone jack, featuring the clamps The internal mechanism of the headphone jack includes two clamps designed to push down on either side of the headphone plug. Broken headphone jack clamping mechanism.Here’s a closer look at the other headphone jack and plug factors that affect sound quality: If you hear crackling, static, or cut-outs in your music, your headphone jack, or plug, could possibly be the culprit. Common Issues With Headphone Jacks and Plugs Some notable ones include the Lightning to 3.5 mm Headphone Jack Adapter and Lightning to 3.5 mm Audio Cable. If you have an iPhone but want to use headphones with 3.5 mm TRS plug, there’s wide range of adapters for wired headphones. In this configuration, left and right stereo audio channels are each sent along two of the conductors in opposite polarity to achieve the signal requirements of a balanced connection. TRRRS plugs provide 5 conductors and are thus capable of carrying balanced stereo audio signals. Common usage: Audiophiles seeking maximum fidelity from their headphones.Common sizes: 2.5 mm, 4.4 mm, 4-pin XLR (though it lacks a grounding connection).Available Connections: Tip, sleeve, and three-ring connectors.5-conductor plug (TRRRS) TRRRS Plug Diagram. This format is prevalent among older phone models from Nokia, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and China-marketed products. However, the conductors for the ground and mic are flipped around. Like CTIA, the OMTP format sends audio signals through the tip and first ring. This format is common on semi-recent smartphones with headphone jacks, mobile devices, and gaming consoles. The second ring then acts as the ground, while the sleeve handles the mic signal. The difference between CTIA and OMTP TRRS plugs.įor instance, the CTIA format transmits left and right audio channels through the tip and first ring. However, this extra conductor’s position in the line-up varies depending on whether it follows the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA) or Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) standards.Īs such, this connection configuration is also called the CTIA or OMTP TRRS jack connector format. TRRS plugs can transmit unbalanced stereo signals like TRS, but have an additional conductor that usually transmits microphone audio. ![]()
![]() So what are you waiting for? Level up your gaming experience and dominate the competition with BlueStacks!īlueStacks 5 requires a PC or Mac with at least 4 GB of RAM. Its sleek and modern interface makes it easy to use and navigate, while the Advanced Keymapping and Instance Manager features are more intuitive and user-friendly than ever before. You can easily switch between games or multitask without leaving the game.īlueStacks 5, the latest software version, is faster and lighter than ever, providing a seamless mobile gaming experience on a larger screen. This game-changing functionality lets you run multiple apps or games simultaneously on a single machine. This feature is perfect for complex maneuvers, repetitive tasks, or easily unleashing sophisticated and lethal skill combos.Īnd let’s remember BlueStacks’ Multiple Instances features. No more slipping thumbs or wonky touch screens holding you back from dominating the competition.īut that’s not all! With BlueStacks’ Macro functionality, you can record and execute input sequences with a single click. Assign keys to your mouse, keyboard, or gamepad for pinpoint accuracy and lightning-fast gameplay. With BlueStacks’ Advanced Keymapping feature, you can customize your controls to your heart’s content. Whether you’re into action-packed games, strategy games, or casual games, BlueStacks has got you covered. Click and Play instantly!Īttention all gamers! Tired of being limited by your mobile device when it comes to playing your favorite games? Get ready to level up your gaming experience with BlueStacks!īlueStacks is the ultimate Android emulator software that lets you play thousands of mobile games on your computer or laptop for free. You can also Play Hearts: Card Game in your browser on your PC or mobile without downloading. Get ready to embark on a heartwarming adventure in the world of Hearts. Let the cards be your guide, and enjoy the thrill of strategic gameplay with the added bonus of MobilityWare’s AI expertise. So, if you’re seeking a card game that balances challenge, learning, and entertainment, Hearts by MobilityWare is your perfect match. Plus, the flexibility to play offline means you can enjoy the game anytime, anywhere, without worrying about a Wi-Fi connection. It offers valuable suggestions, making sure you’re always a step ahead of your opponents. ![]() In the world of Hearts, where strategy and precision rule, MobilityWare’s Hearts free hints AI feature becomes your trusted companion. The smart bots provide a challenge, making every move count and every decision crucial. Whether you’re a beginner learning the ropes or an experienced player honing your skills, the AI adapts to your gameplay style, ensuring each match feels fair and competitive. One of the standout features of this game is its intuitive artificial intelligence, which acts as your guide and adversary. If you’re new to these games, fret not – this free Hearts game by MobilityWare is designed to be your patient tutor and your formidable opponent. BlueStacks app player is the best platform to play this Android game on your PC or Mac for an immersive gaming experience.ĭive into the captivating realm of Hearts, a classic card game that combines elements of spades, cribbage, and euchre into an exciting and challenging experience. Hearts: Card Game is a Card game developed by MobilityWare. ![]() Those questions are setup so that you can learn in an untimed environment and really focus on learning key concepts. Answer the PSAT practice questions in our practice sets above.This will help you be more efficient by knowing what you need to study. Focus on studying the section / subjects that gave you the most trouble.Review your scores and see which sections gave you the most trouble.Take our first full-length practice exam from start to finish.When using our free PSAT practice tests, we recommend using these steps to get the most benefit from your practice: You can learn more about the exam by reading our guide on what is the PSAT. You will have 134 minutes to take the PSAT. In total, there are 98 questions on the PSAT. This means that questions become easier or harder based on how you answer the previous question. Each module is timed and computer adaptive. Each of those sections is broken into 2 modules. It’s really just a practice test for the SAT.The PSAT is made up of 2 sections, Math and Reading and Writing. The PSAT 8/9 plays no role in college admissions. The PSAT 8/9 is an opportunity to start preparing for the tests that do matter: the PSAT/NMSQT and the SAT. It measures neither intelligence nor the depth and breadth of what you’re learning in school. The PSAT 8/9 doesn’t measure the stuff that matters. ![]() However, remember that any standardized test is a coachable test. The Math Test is divided into two sections, one without a calculator, with 13 questions over the course of 20 minutes, followed by one with a calculator, with 25 questions administered in 40 minutes. Scored on a scale of 240–1440 that will be the sum of the two section scores (Evidence-Based Reading and Writing as well as Math) that range from 120– 720.Rights-only scoring (a point for a correct answer but no deduction for an incorrect answer blank responses have no impact on the score).The following table shows how much time you get for each test and the number of questions for each test: Section ![]() Most of the questions are multiple-choice, though some of the math questions ask you to write in the answer rather than select it. The PSAT 8/9 takes 2 hours and 25 minutes and includes 3 tests: (1) the Reading Test, (2) the Writing and Language Test, and (3) the Math Test. ![]() Schools choose the date to offer the test this date can be anytime between late September and the end of April, excluding the first two weeks of April. In terms of the main areas of focus, the content of each section is comparable among the different versions of the PSAT and the SAT. Just like the SAT and the other PSAT tests, the PSAT 8/9, which is designed for eighth and ninth graders, contains a Reading Test, a Writing and Language Test, and a Math Test. Finally, we’ll take a glimpse at the other tests in College Board’s Suite of Assessments: the PSAT 10, PSAT/NMSQT, and the SAT. This page will provide you with a general overview of the test and how it is used, along with the basics to start your preparation. The PSAT 8/9 is a standardized test given to eighth and ninth graders to give them a “preliminary” idea of how well they could do on SAT question types. PSAT 8/9 Full-Length Practice Test PSAT 8/9 Practice Test
![]() Combining elements of jazz, rock, and salsa, his work incorporates the rhythms of traditional music from African descendants in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, representing mostly a one-way flow from Puerto Rico to the New York-based diaspora. Music career īeyond the trombone, he has also worked as a composer, arranger, and singer, and eventually as a producer and director. In 1995, Colón became the first person of color to serve on the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) national board, replacing Stephen Sondheim, and was also a member of the ASCAP Foundation. He has served as a member of the Latino Commission on AIDS and President of the Arthur Schomburg Coalition for a Better New York, member of the board of directors of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute. He has also acted in films, including roles in Vigilante (1983), The Last Fight (1983), Miami Vice (in the season 3 episode "Cuba Libre") (1987) and It Could Happen to You (1994).Ĭolón has been a civil rights, community, and political activist since the age of 16. The main record producer at Fania at the time, Johnny Pacheco, recommended Héctor Lavoe to him. ![]() Īt the age of 15, he was signed to Fania Records, and at 17, he recorded his first album, which ultimately sold more than 300,000 copies. He spent some summers at his maternal grandmother's sister's farm in the outskirts of Manatí, Puerto Rico on the road to neighboring Ciales, Puerto Rico. He picked up the trumpet from a young age, and later switched to trombone, inspired by the all-trombone sound of Mon Rivera and Barry Rogers. Early years Ĭolón was born in the South Bronx in New York City to Puerto Rican parents. Since the 1980s he has at times been deeply involved in the politics of New York City. ![]() He is also noteworthy for having assumed the gangster image in his album covers before it was culturally popular. Colón is considered a pioneer of Salsa music and a best-selling artist in the genre, having been a key figure in the nascent New York City scene associated with the legendary Fania Records. He began his career as a trombonist but also sings, writes, produces and acts.
![]() Capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are also primary hosts of A. This tick species infests many species of both wild and domestic animals, although horses are the preferred hosts ( Labruna et al., 2001). cajennense Nava et al., 2014) and Amblyomma aureolatum, are incriminated as vectors ( Labruna, 2009).Īmblyomma sculptum is widely distributed in Brazil, mainly in the southeast region. In the Brazilian territory, Amblyomma sculptum (formely named A. rickettsii belong to the Amblyomma cajennense complex ( Labruna, 2009 Nava et al., 2014). In Central and South America, the most important species that transmit R. Amblyomma americanum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus are also implicated as vectors in the United States, respectively in the states of North Carolina and Arizona ( Demma et al., 2005 Breitschwerdt et al., 2011). rickettsii vectors, being Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni the main vectors in North America ( Dantas-Torres, 2007). Different tick species have been implicated as R. This disease is widely distributed in the Americas ( Dantas-Torres, 2007 Walker, 2007 Labruna, 2009), with high case fatality rates ( Angerami et al., 2006 Labruna, 2009). Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is the most lethal tick-borne rickettsiosis that affects humans ( Dantas-Torres, 2007). As result of their feeding on blood, these arthropods are versatile vectors of a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, helminths, and protozoa ( Jongejan and Uilenberg, 2004 Dantas-Torres et al., 2012 Otranto et al., 2013). Ticks are obligate ectoparasites that infest numerous species of vertebrates. ![]() rickettsii transmission as well as pharmacological bioproducts with antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The functional characterization of the identified proteins might reveal potential targets to develop vaccines for tick control and/or blocking of R. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteome of A. The corresponding CDSs of 59 of these proteins were upregulated in SG of fed ticks. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed 124 proteins in saliva of ticks fed for 96–120 h. Selected CDSs were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction preceded by reverse transcription (RT-qPCR), corroborating the transcriptional profile obtained by RNA-seq. CDSs encoding secreted proteins, including lipocalins, mucins, protease inhibitors, glycine-rich proteins, metalloproteases, 8.9 kDa superfamily members, and immunity-related proteins were mostly upregulated by blood feeding. The total of reads obtained were assembled in 9,560 coding sequences (CDSs) distributed in different functional classes. sculptum ticks and those fed for 72 h on rabbits using next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In the current study, we compared the sialotranscriptome of unfed A. Besides facilitating tick feeding, the properties of saliva may also benefits survival and establishment of pathogens in the host. Tick saliva contains a complex mixture of bioactive molecules with anticlotting, antiplatelet aggregation, vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties to counteract both the hemostasis and defense mechanisms of the host. Pathogens that are acquired with the blood meal must first colonize the tick gut and later the salivary glands (SG) in order to be transmitted during a subsequent blood feeding via saliva. It is known that the transmission of pathogens by ticks is mainly associated with the physiology of the feeding process. Amblyomma sculptum is vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the most lethal rickettsiosis that affects humans. ![]() Ticks are obligate blood feeding ectoparasites that transmit a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms to their vertebrate hosts. 6Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States.5Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.4Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.3Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.2Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.1Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.Maruyama 2 † Rebeca Kawahara 3 André Fujita 4 Larissa A. |
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